Swing Phase (Balanço), which accounts for the remaining 40%. SciSpace +1 1. Stance Phase (Fase de Apoio) This phase begins when the foot first touches the ground and ends when it leaves the floor. It is subdivided into five stages: Initial Contact (Contato Inicial): The moment the heel touches the ground (heel strike). It begins the process of shock absorption. Loading Response (Resposta à Carga): The period of double support where weight is transferred onto the outstretched limb. Eccentric muscle contractions control the impact. Mid-Stance (Apoio Médio): The body progresses over a stable, stationary foot. This is a period of single-limb support (Apoio Simples). Terminal Stance (Apoio Terminal): The heel rises, and the body weight moves forward toward the forefoot. Pre-Swing (Pré-Balanço): The final stage of stance where the toe leaves the ground (toe-off), preparing the limb for advancement. EEFFTO - UFMG +2 2. Swing Phase (Fase de Balanço) This phase occurs while the foot is in the air, advancing forward to the next step. It is subdivided into three stages: Initial Swing (Balanço Inicial): The limb begins to accelerate forward from the toe-off position. Mid-Swing (Balanço Médio): The swinging limb passes the stance limb, and the foot clears the ground. Terminal Swing (Balanço Terminal): The limb decelerates and prepares for the next initial contact, completing the gait cycle. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia +1 Critical Biomechanical Factors Double Support (Apoio Duplo): Occurs twice in each cycle when both feet are on the ground. This period decreases as walking speed increases. Muscle Activity: The Gluteus Maximus and Quadriceps are essential for propulsion and stabilization during stance, while eccentric contractions act as "brakes" to control momentum. Clinical Relevance: Analysis of these phases is vital for diagnosing conditions like
A marcha humana é um processo cíclico e coordenado de locomoção que envolve o deslocamento do centro de gravidade do corpo para frente, mantendo a estabilidade postural. O chamado ciclo da marcha compreende o intervalo entre dois contatos sucessivos do mesmo calcanhar com o solo. Didaticamente, este ciclo é dividido em duas fases principais: a Fase de Apoio e a Fase de Balanço (ou Oscilação). 1. Fase de Apoio (60% do Ciclo) Esta é a fase em que o pé permanece em contato com o solo, suportando o peso corporal. Ela é subdividida em cinco etapas críticas:
Assuming you are looking for a scientific academic reference for the biomechanical breakdown of walking, the most widely cited foundational paper for the "Phases of Gait" (Fases da Marcha) is the work by Jacquelin Perry . Since you used the Portuguese term ("fases da marcha"), I will provide the reference in English (the original) and explain how it is typically categorized in Portuguese academic contexts. The Foundational Paper (O Artigo Fundamental) If you need the original groundbreaking work that defined the standard terminology used today, this is it:
Author: Perry, J. Title: The mechanics of walking: A clinical interpretation. Journal: Physical Therapy Year: 1967 Volume/Issue: Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 485–498. fases da marcha
Context: Jacquelin Perry later expanded this work into the famous textbook Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function (1992), which is considered the "Bible" of gait analysis.
Terminology Breakdown (English $\leftrightarrow$ Portuguese) Based on the Perry model, the gait cycle is divided as follows. This is the standard vocabulary used in Portuguese academic papers (such as Fisioterapia e Pesquisa or Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia ). 1. The Two Main Phases (As Duas Fases Principais)
Stance Phase (Fase de Apoio): The period when the foot is on the ground. Represents ~60% of the cycle. Swing Phase (Fase de Balanço/OscILAÇÃO): The period when the foot is in the air. Represents ~40% of the cycle. Swing Phase (Balanço), which accounts for the remaining 40%
2. Sub-phases (Subdivisões) A. Stance Phase (Fase de Apoio) — 60%
Initial Contact (Contato Inicial): Heel strike. Loading Response (Resposta ao Carga): Flat foot begins to take weight. Mid Stance (Apoio Médio): The body passes directly over the supporting foot. Terminal Stance (Apoio Terminal): The heel rises while the toes remain on the ground (heel-off). Pre-Swing (Pré-Balanço): The weight is transferred to the other leg (toe-off).
B. Swing Phase (Fase de Balanço) — 40% It is subdivided into five stages: Initial Contact
Initial Swing (Balanço Inicial): Foot leaves the ground. Mid Swing (Balanço Médio): Foot passes directly under the body. Terminal Swing (Balanço Final): Leg extends to prepare for heel strike.
Modern Alternative Paper (Artigo Alternativo Moderno) If you are looking for a more modern and slightly simplified classification often used in clinical research today, the Rancho Los Amigos system is the standard.