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Pain assessment in veterinary species is notoriously difficult due to the evolutionary instinct to mask vulnerability. However, ethological observation allows clinicians to identify subtle signs of pain. For instance, a cat presenting with "sudden aggression" may often be suffering from orthopedic pain or dental disease, rather than a primary behavioral disorder. Similarly, "depression" or lethargy in a horse may indicate abdominal discomfort (colic) rather than a psychological issue.