Over decades, the continuous population shift dramatically changed local demographics, sowing seeds of resource competition and cultural friction. 2. Socioeconomic Triggers and Marginalization

The conflict resulted in more than 500 deaths and the displacement of over 100,000 individuals , most of whom were Madurese forced to flee back to Madura or East Java.

Began in Sampit; quickly spread across Central Kalimantan to Palangkaraya.

The violence erupted in February 2001 in the town of Sampit and quickly spread across the province.